Notable advancement in medical science has emerged in recent years through the discovery of cell-free Deoxyribonucleic Acid (cfDNA), carrying significant implications for disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.cfDNA stands poised to reshape the entire landscape of medical science.
Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA)
- cfDNA refers to fragments of DNA that exist outside of cells, specifically in various body fluids. Unlike the majority of DNA which is enclosed within cells.
- Scientists have been aware of cfDNA since 1948, but only in the last two decades have they figured out what to do with it.
- cfDNA is released into the extracellular environment under different circumstances, including cell death or other cellular processes.
- These cfDNA fragments contain genetic information and can offer insights into a person’s health status, potential diseases, and genetic variations.
Applications
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
- Cell-free DNA serves as a valuable tool for screening chromosomal abnormalities in developing foetuses, such as Down syndrome.
- NIPT replaces invasive procedures such as amniocentesis, minimizing risks for both expectant mothers and foetuses.
- Analysis of cfDNA in maternal blood provides crucial information about the foetus’s genetic health.
Early Cancer Detection
- Identifying cancers at their initial stages for prompt treatment.
- The ‘GEMINI’ test utilizes cfDNA sequencing to detect lung cancer with high accuracy.
- Combining cfDNA analysis with existing methods enhances overall cancer detection.
Monitoring Organ Transplants
- Donor-derived cfDNA offers a promising approach to monitor the health and acceptance of transplanted organs.
- Fluctuations in cfDNA levels can indicate organ rejection or acceptance before other markers become evident.
- Early detection of rejection allows for timely intervention and improved outcomes in organ transplantation.