Declining Lichen Availability in the Arctic Threatens Winter Survival of Caribou

A study by researchers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry highlights that declining lichen availability may threaten the winter survival of caribou in the Arctic.

Caribou (Reindeer)

¨     Caribou, scientifically known as Rangifer tarandus, belong to the deer family (Cervidae).

¨  The terms “Caribou” (used in North America) and “Reindeer” (used in Eurasia and for domesticated populations) refer to the same species.

Key Biological Features:

¨     Both male and female caribou grow antlers, which is a unique feature among deer species.

¨     Females typically give birth to one calf each year under natural conditions.

¨     The newborn calf can stand within minutes and begins walking within a day of birth.

¨     Caribou have large hooves that help them walk on snow and also swim efficiently.

¨     Their hooves undergo seasonal changes, becoming soft in summer for better grip and hard in winter for ice traction.

¨     The hollow underside of their hooves helps them dig through snow to reach food.

Diet and Ecological Role

¨     Lichens—often referred to as "reindeer moss"—form the mainstay of the Caribou's winter diet.

¨     They are among the rare animals capable of effectively digesting lichens.

¨   Caribou play a vital role by regulating tundra vegetation and contributing to nutrient cycling within the Arctic ecosystem.

Habitat and Distribution

¨   They are found in Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. They inhabit Arctic tundra and boreal forest ecosystems.

Types: There are two types

¨     Tundra Caribou: These live in large herds and are highly migratory.

¨     Woodland Caribou: These inhabit forests and migrate relatively less.

Conservation Status

¨     IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.

¨     Major Threats: Climate change, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and predation by animals such as wolves, bears, and lynx.